Assessment of phytotoxic, genotoxic and enzyme inhibition potential of Sterculia diversifolia

doi:10.19852/j.cnki.jtcm.2022.04.005

Abstract

Abstract:

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate Sterculia diversifolia stem bark and leaves for phytotoxic, genotoxic and enzymes inhibition potential. METHODS: Phytotoxic activity of both stem bark and leaves were screened using Lemna minor. The genotoxic activity of Sterculia diversifolia stem bark and leaves extracts were tested using comet assay protocol while enzyme inhibition activity of crude extract and various fractions of both stem bark and leaves were evaluated using acetyl cholinesterase, lipoxygenase, β-glu-curonidase, urease, xanthine oxidase and carbonic anhydrase. RESULTS: Phytotoxic activity showed significant results in dose dependant manner in both stem bark (ethyl acetate and n-butanol) and leaves (ethyl acetate, n-butanol and n-hexane) fractions. In genotoxic activity, dichloromethane fraction showed significant activity followed by ethyl acetate fraction. Acetyl cholinesterease inhibitory activity showed significant results in both stem bark and leaves fractions, while significant lipoxygenase inhibition was shown by ethyl acetate, dichloromethane, crude extract and n-hexane fractions of both stem bark and leaves. β-glucuronidase, urease and carbonic anhydrase inhibitory activity showed highly significant results in ethyl acetate fraction of both stem bark and leaves, while xanthine oxidase inhibition was shown by dichloromethane fraction of stem bark and leaves extracts. CONCLUSIONS: This study emphasizes the important phytotoxic, genotoxic and enzyme inhibition effects of Sterculia diversifolia stem bark and leaves. Hence, it is clear that Sterculia diversifolia stem bark and leaves possess phytotoxic, genotoxic and enzyme inhibitory agents.

Key words: Sterculia, plant extracts, phytotoxic, mutagenicity tests, enzymes

Fazle Rabbi, Amir Zada, Amna Nisar. Assessment of phytotoxic, genotoxic and enzyme inhibition potential of Sterculia diversifolia[J]. Journal of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 2022, 42(4): 595-603.

Figures/Tables 3

References 43

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Test Sample	No. of fronds (3 fronds per plant)	Sample conc. (µg/mL)	Stem bark
Test Sample	No. of fronds (3 fronds per plant)	Sample conc. (µg/mL)	No. of died fronds	% Growth Inhibition	No. of died fronds	% Growth Inhibition
MESD	20 20 20	10 100 1000	01 02 09	05 10 45	05 07 14	25 35 70
n-Hexane	20 20 20	10 100 1000	03 04 07	15 20 35	03 05 16	15 25 80
DCM	20 20 20	10 100 1000	04 05 06	20 25 30	02 04 12	10 20 60
Ethylacetate	20 20 20	10 100 1000	03 04 20	15 20 100	02 03 17	10 15 85
n-Butanol	20 20 20	10 100 1000	01 04 16	5 20 80	04 07 17	20 35 85
Aqueous	20 20 20	10 100 1000	02 03 04	10 15 20	03 06 14	15 30 70

Test Sample	No. of fronds (3 fronds per plant)	Sample conc. (µg/mL)	Stem bark
Test Sample	No. of fronds (3 fronds per plant)	Sample conc. (µg/mL)	No. of died fronds	% Growth Inhibition	No. of died fronds	% Growth Inhibition
MESD	20 20 20	10 100 1000	01 02 09	05 10 45	05 07 14	25 35 70
n-Hexane	20 20 20	10 100 1000	03 04 07	15 20 35	03 05 16	15 25 80
DCM	20 20 20	10 100 1000	04 05 06	20 25 30	02 04 12	10 20 60
Ethylacetate	20 20 20	10 100 1000	03 04 20	15 20 100	02 03 17	10 15 85
n-Butanol	20 20 20	10 100 1000	01 04 16	5 20 80	04 07 17	20 35 85
Aqueous	20 20 20	10 100 1000	02 03 04	10 15 20	03 06 14	15 30 70

Test Sample	Conc (mg/L)	Stem bark					Leaves
		Level of Damage				DI	Level of Damage					DI
		0	1	2	3	DI	0		1	2	3	DI
MESD	20	68.46±0.62	21.59±0.89	7.23±1.83	2.72±0.81	44.21		64.68±1.23	29.27±0.55	5.30±0.38	1.75±0.19	45.12
	100	62.00±0.50	19.91±1.80	11.17±0.37	6.92±0.11	57.01		61.70±0.42	25.61±1.80	9.87±0.97	2.82±1.81	53.81
	200	60.29±1.73	30.55±0.22	6.90±0.01	2.26±1.48	45.13		59.92±0.27	31.65±0.79	7.11±0.61	1.32±0.22	49.83
n-hexane	20	77.13±0.97	21.59±1.29	1.30±0.12	0.98±1.18	27.13		79.22±0.54	18.71±0.58	1.10±0.10	0.97±0.18	23.82
	100	72.40±1.30	20.13±0.92	5.15±0.74	1.73±0.45	35.62		75.39±0.61	16.87±0.67	6.12±0.26	0.62±0.20	30.97
	200	74.25±1.64	18.61±0.88	6.14±0.96	1.00±0.92	33.89		71.64±1.98	22.43±0.82	4.88±0.42	1.05±0.23	35.34
DCM	20	60.61±0.79	33.67±0.78	4.60±0.54	1.12±1.14	46.23		50.78±1.77	40.88±1.09	7.16±0.94	1.18±0.12	58.74
	100	54.30±0.05	38.12±1.11	5.75±1.19	1.59±0.86	54.39		44.20±0.75	37.82±1.39	15.22±1.00	2.76±1.01	76.54
	200	52.23±0.33	25.45±0.22	16.77±0.12	5.55±1.76	75.64		45.29±0.34	38.12±0.95	14.12±0.93	2.78±0.13	74.70
EtOAc	20	59.32±0.22	29.56±1.79	09.31±0.34	1.87±0.54	53.79		58.90±1.29	30.07±0.57	8.12±0.66	2.91±0.46	55.04
	100	52.10±0.50	40.22±0.89	5.20±0.87	2.48±0.67	58.06		50.90±0.88	43.76±0.23	4.26±0.22	1.08±0.33	55.52
	200	53.65±0.88	32.72±0.42	11.87±0.12	1.24±1.65	60.18		47.05±0.12	42.12±0.40	9.00±1.00	1.83±0.64	65.61
n-butanol	20	86.36±0.34	10.22±0.80	1.96±1.77	1.50±0.28	18.64		83.02±0.68	13.72±0.58	2.05±0.43	1.21±0.20	21.45
	100	79.19±1.31	16.11±1.83	2.99±0.09	1.71±0.78	27.22		80.99±1.69	14.51±0.84	3.29±0.28	1.21±0.16	24.72
	200	77.33±0.66	14.12±0.73	6.92±0.01	1.63±0.86	32.85		77.98±1.93	17.12±0.56	3.22±0.67	1.68±0.77	28.60
Aqueous	20	88.66±1.55	7.32±0.23	3.02±0.51	1.00±0.58	16.36		84.01±1.89	10.67±1.80	4.06±0.22	1.10±0.47	22.09
	100	78.29±0.67	15.31±0.99	5.34±1.37	1.06±0.22	29.17		77.41±1.34	18.58±1.36	3.12±0.47	0.81±0.12	27.25
	200	79.54±0.52	11.79±1.44	5.88±0.01	3.66±0.14	34.53		72.32±1.90	21.32±1.06	4.19±0.60	2.17±1.00	36.21
-ive control	0	84.05±1.20	13.67±0.43	2.28±0.63	0.00±0.00	18.23		84.05±1.20	13.67±0.43	2.28±0.63	0.00±0.00	18.23
+ive control	4mM	11.00±2.03	48.21±0.99	25.22±1.32	15.59±2.63	145.42		11.0±2.03	48.21±0.99	25.22±1.32	15.59±2.63	145.42

Test Sample	Conc (mg/L)	Stem bark					Leaves
		Level of Damage				DI	Level of Damage					DI
		0	1	2	3	DI	0		1	2	3	DI
MESD	20	68.46±0.62	21.59±0.89	7.23±1.83	2.72±0.81	44.21		64.68±1.23	29.27±0.55	5.30±0.38	1.75±0.19	45.12
	100	62.00±0.50	19.91±1.80	11.17±0.37	6.92±0.11	57.01		61.70±0.42	25.61±1.80	9.87±0.97	2.82±1.81	53.81
	200	60.29±1.73	30.55±0.22	6.90±0.01	2.26±1.48	45.13		59.92±0.27	31.65±0.79	7.11±0.61	1.32±0.22	49.83
n-hexane	20	77.13±0.97	21.59±1.29	1.30±0.12	0.98±1.18	27.13		79.22±0.54	18.71±0.58	1.10±0.10	0.97±0.18	23.82
	100	72.40±1.30	20.13±0.92	5.15±0.74	1.73±0.45	35.62		75.39±0.61	16.87±0.67	6.12±0.26	0.62±0.20	30.97
	200	74.25±1.64	18.61±0.88	6.14±0.96	1.00±0.92	33.89		71.64±1.98	22.43±0.82	4.88±0.42	1.05±0.23	35.34
DCM	20	60.61±0.79	33.67±0.78	4.60±0.54	1.12±1.14	46.23		50.78±1.77	40.88±1.09	7.16±0.94	1.18±0.12	58.74
	100	54.30±0.05	38.12±1.11	5.75±1.19	1.59±0.86	54.39		44.20±0.75	37.82±1.39	15.22±1.00	2.76±1.01	76.54
	200	52.23±0.33	25.45±0.22	16.77±0.12	5.55±1.76	75.64		45.29±0.34	38.12±0.95	14.12±0.93	2.78±0.13	74.70
EtOAc	20	59.32±0.22	29.56±1.79	09.31±0.34	1.87±0.54	53.79		58.90±1.29	30.07±0.57	8.12±0.66	2.91±0.46	55.04
	100	52.10±0.50	40.22±0.89	5.20±0.87	2.48±0.67	58.06		50.90±0.88	43.76±0.23	4.26±0.22	1.08±0.33	55.52
	200	53.65±0.88	32.72±0.42	11.87±0.12	1.24±1.65	60.18		47.05±0.12	42.12±0.40	9.00±1.00	1.83±0.64	65.61
n-butanol	20	86.36±0.34	10.22±0.80	1.96±1.77	1.50±0.28	18.64		83.02±0.68	13.72±0.58	2.05±0.43	1.21±0.20	21.45
	100	79.19±1.31	16.11±1.83	2.99±0.09	1.71±0.78	27.22		80.99±1.69	14.51±0.84	3.29±0.28	1.21±0.16	24.72
	200	77.33±0.66	14.12±0.73	6.92±0.01	1.63±0.86	32.85		77.98±1.93	17.12±0.56	3.22±0.67	1.68±0.77	28.60
Aqueous	20	88.66±1.55	7.32±0.23	3.02±0.51	1.00±0.58	16.36		84.01±1.89	10.67±1.80	4.06±0.22	1.10±0.47	22.09
	100	78.29±0.67	15.31±0.99	5.34±1.37	1.06±0.22	29.17		77.41±1.34	18.58±1.36	3.12±0.47	0.81±0.12	27.25
	200	79.54±0.52	11.79±1.44	5.88±0.01	3.66±0.14	34.53		72.32±1.90	21.32±1.06	4.19±0.60	2.17±1.00	36.21
-ive control	0	84.05±1.20	13.67±0.43	2.28±0.63	0.00±0.00	18.23		84.05±1.20	13.67±0.43	2.28±0.63	0.00±0.00	18.23
+ive control	4mM	11.00±2.03	48.21±0.99	25.22±1.32	15.59±2.63	145.42		11.0±2.03	48.21±0.99	25.22±1.32	15.59±2.63	145.42

Sample		Acetylcholinesterase			Lipoxygenase		β- glucuronidase			Urease
Sample		Inhibition (%)	IC50± SEM (µM)		Inhibition (%)	IC50± SEM (µM)		Inhibition (%)	IC50± SEM (µM)		Inhibition (%)	IC50±SEM (µM)		Inhibition (%)	IC50± SEM (µM)			Inhibition (%)	IC50±SEM (µM)
Stem bark	MESD	86.60	55.224± 0.103	88.50		54.624±0.402	11.50		135.524±0.202	49.80		502.486± 0.902	58.48			428.244±1.805	60.60		250.262±0.408
	n-Hexane	98.25	1.322 ± 0.204	77.50		70.278±0.330	32.60		116.343±0.165	33.80		Not active	30.40			Not active	26.50		Not active
	DCM	90.50	40.405± 0.224	92.10		48.435±0.176	40.65		106.550±0.127	38.52		Not active	84.62			108.424±0.888	46.38		495.825±0.167
	EtoAc	93.50	22.083± 0.148	92.75		37.244±0.303	70.60		56.148± 0.263 132.624±0.286	83.67		116.426 ±1.296	76.34			194.282±1.847	78.28		182.286±0.103
	n-butanol	82.10	60.348± 0.204	61.75		98.303±0.105	12.82		56.148± 0.263 132.624±0.286	55.33		458.243± 2.100	48.86			514.520±1.059	35.85		538.70±0.200
	Aqueous	80.32	62.285± 0.345	55.23		106.623±0.120	16.12		124.083±0.405	42.62		526.602± 3.425	36.31			Not active	15.34		Not active
Leaves	MESD	84.06	58.284± 0.188	86.98		60.249±0.329	17.20		125.463±0.484	47.85		508.153± 1.745	59.64			424.322±1.266	68.24		206.024±1.282
	n-Hexane	96.84	3.690± 0.584	71.44		80.840±0.675	38.38		106.543±0.330	30.58		Not active	32.58			Not active	36.78		Not active
	DCM	91.24	38.063± 0.148	94.88		40.080±0.708	43.34		101.442±0.666	31.66		Not active	89.20			96.420±1.808	59.32		406.702±2.526
	EtoAc	94.92	18.785± 0.202	94.55		42.804±0.927	74.68		50.302± 0.643	82.33		128.502± 1.089	78.55			190.325±1.005	83.48		154.262±0.980
	n-butanol	78.86	70.687± 0.684	43.85		119.342±0.963	13.98		130.220±0.196	51.92		480.344± 1.564	52.60			480.228±1.085	49.04		500.643±0.902
	Aqueous	81.22	60.554± 0.306	39.90		124.287±0.720	18.02		122.502±0.253	32.70		Not active	37.58			Not active	35.12		Not active
Galathamine		99.80	0.500± 0.073	ND		ND	ND		ND	ND		ND	ND			ND	ND		ND
Baicalein		ND	ND	88.2		22.002± 0.052	ND		ND	ND		ND	ND			ND	ND		ND
D-Saccharic acid 1,4 lactone		ND	ND	ND		ND	89.45		48.789± 2.163	ND		ND	ND			ND	ND		ND
Thiourea		ND	ND	ND		ND	ND		ND	98.2		21.046± 0.0113	ND			ND	ND		ND
Allopurinol		ND	ND	ND		ND	ND		ND	ND		ND	98.6			2.002±0.0182	ND		ND
Acetazolamide		ND	ND	ND		ND	ND		ND	ND		ND	ND			ND	89.0		0.124±0.033

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